【軍傳媒/國際軍事新聞】2025年12月15日,烏克蘭國家安全局(SBU)宣稱以其「Sub Sea Baby」水下無人系統,在俄羅斯黑海重要基地新羅西斯克(Novorossiysk)港內打擊一艘「基洛級/改良基洛級」(Project 636.3)柴電潛艦,並釋出爆炸畫面,當然俄方則否認受損、宣稱艦艇運作如常。路透社引述烏方說法指出,目標是可搭載「口徑」(Kalibr)巡弋飛彈的潛艦,此次行動將如烏方所描述,為「首次以水下無人載具在戰鬥中有效打擊潛艦」的重大里程碑。
俄烏戰爭三年,烏克蘭從最初的無人機、反艦飛彈攻擊黑海艦隊,之後又以水面無人艇(USV)撞擊重創黑海艦隊退縮的船艦,這次是以「水下潛航」方式進入港區並在近距離爆破。其意義在於:由於過去被無人機及無人艇打怕了,導致俄羅斯港灣防禦長期偏重水面與空中威脅(雷達、光電、機槍、反無人機網與攔截),對「低可視、低電磁特徵、貼底或半貼底」的水下小目標,往往缺乏足夠密度的偵搜與攔阻鏈,從釋出的SBU影片疑似來自遭滲透的港區監視系統,因此也有可能其以港內近距離遙控方式達成效果。
此次行動的戰術價值不只在摧毀一艘潛艦,而在於迫使對手把高價值平台從「相對安全的港內」往後撤,或投入大量資源構築港口反制層,進一步壓縮出港週期、維保效率與彈藥裝載節奏。對俄羅斯黑海艦隊而言,已經沒有可以再退的港灣,且現有港灣已非避風港,俄方不得不持續加強港區防護網避免類似情形,不然黑海艦隊將實際一艘艘被除役。
烏克蘭此次並非突然發明利用水下無人載具攻擊的戰法,而是把過去兩年在黑海以USV、長程火力、特戰滲透標定、海上狼群、無人艇搭在防空飛彈埋伏等累積的經驗,將攻擊領域擴展到水下,也就是用低成本的無人化系統,去打擊對手高價值平台的脆弱環節,並在資訊戰上放大其心理衝擊。這起事件不必被浪漫化成「單一武器改變戰爭」,不過水下無人攻擊艇已從展示品邁進到可被納入作戰行動的選項,尤其是在近岸、港灣、狹水道這類傳統上最難做出機動規避的環境。

UUV的下一步進化
由於UUV發展快速,等同具有能在水下移動的感測器/載具/彈頭特性,它未來的任務不會只停留在攻擊爆破,其可能的演進路線,包含下列四類任務,而每一類都會逼迫對手海軍重新配置資源:
1) 港口封鎖與持續性騷擾:讓對手「不敢停、也不敢修」
傳統封港靠水面艦、水雷、潛艦或空中投射;水面艦艇易受攻擊、水雷帶來戰後清障成本,且有敵我不分的疑慮、潛艦昂貴且數量有限,加上若非核潛艇則有航行時間的限制、空中投射武力又受制空情況、時間與情監偵條件。無人載具的的誕生讓整體情況翻轉,USV能長時間飄在水面監視,且不會有人員輪替疲累的問題,且同時能執行監偵及攻擊、而UUV也相似,只是從目視可見的水面進步到目視無法發現的水下,若能以半自主方式在港外航道、錨地、引水道附近游弋或潛伏,配合一次性攻擊(自殺)或可回收式布放(如小型感測/標定器材),其效用是把「封鎖」從一次性武力,變成低烈度、持續性、可否認的壓迫,對敵方的心理造成大幅度衝擊。
2) 水下情監偵(ISR)與目標指示:把「看不見」變成「可被點名」
港灣與近岸的水域狹窄且深度不足,過往限制潛艦活動,但水文複雜、背景噪音多,同樣使防禦方難以確認有哪些水下活動正在發生,由於UUV尺寸較傳統潛艦大幅縮小,且可攜帶被動水聽器、側掃聲納或磁異探測模組等偵測裝備,加上無人員導致的執勤去間限制,因此可長時間在特定區域蒐集對方船艦的聲紋資料與航跡分析,建立資料庫;一旦與岸基C2、無人水面艇、反潛直升機或定翼機聯網,利用低成本的特性,能把偵獲敵方高價值目標的門檻從大型平台下放到消耗型裝備。
3) 對海底基礎設施的攻防
波羅的海近年多起海底纜線、管線受損事件,使各國開始正視灰色地帶的海底破壞,俄羅斯及中國之前使用的是權宜輪拖錨破壞的方式,只要願意投入心力,其實是可以預防的。但隨著UUV的實戰化,攻擊方可用於偵察與破壞、防守方用於巡檢、快速定位、甚至在戰時做臨時修復支援,對島國與高度依賴海纜的經濟體而言,這會把「海防」概念從海面擴展到海床,同時必須花更多的成本來監測此一領域,攻擊方則可以逼迫對手投入大量成本。
4) 聯合無人系統(MUM-T)的完備
烏克蘭俄烏衝突中,快速建立自身使用無人載具的概念與方式,無論是空中的各式無人機、路上的無人車輛載具、到在黑海的無人艇海戰經驗,最核心不是單一平台,而是「組合拳」的攻擊方式,用多軸心方向、多批次、多樣態的無人載具消耗對手的偵測與火力分配,幾次成功的遠程襲擊行動就是最好的範例。因此可以預期,下一代海上無人作戰會更常見空中、水面及水下載具協同作戰,例如反艦飛彈遠程突襲,配合無人機突然吸引注意、同時狼群USV襲擾,逼迫對手開啟探照燈、雷達與機槍,暴露防區配置及遭受飽和攻擊的慌亂反應,此時UUV則利用對方注意力被牽引的空隙,直接攻擊船艦水下最脆弱的部位達到一擊必殺,此時所有的攻擊都可能是誘餌,也可能是殺招,逼得對方不得不全部反制,浪費火力與資源。

反UUV防禦
面對UUV威脅,一般來說直覺反應往往是在港口設下二戰防潛艇的網具,這確實是第一步,俄方也被多次觀察到在基地部署防無人系統與網具。但要真正有效的反UUV,必須是一套「偵測—分類—攔阻—反制」的連續鏈,港灣是噪音地獄,沒有任何單一感測器能保證不漏網,因此多重偵測及分辨是最重要的:
外圍預警:把接近港區的偵測提早到「港外航道/近岸關鍵航道」的偵測,藉由在港外關鍵水道布設被動聲學陣列聲納、固定式或可快速部署的水下偵測浮標,甚至結合海床纜線式聽音系統,或甚至是長航時無人偵測艇,重點不在追求完美識別,而在把預警時間拉長,讓第二、三層防禦能夠有時間啟動。
港口入口的物理與水文管制:用地形塑造「可控通道」,由於單純網具容易被切割、被爆破或被潮流拉扯失效,更多時候是造成自身的進出困擾,因此更可靠的方式是多重障礙,包括浮柵、沉桿、可開閉式防護門、加上拖曳式聲納巡弋,等,你不需要封死整片海洋,只要逼破可能的敵對UUV必須走你安排的水下走廊,就能大幅提升偵獲機率。
近距離攔阻與處置:把「水下小目標」變成「可打擊目標」,由於在一般的港內,傳統反潛武器(如重型魚雷)不適用,更可行的是小當量的反潛手榴彈/小型深水炸彈、可拋投的聲學誘標與小型攔截無人載具(counter-UUV)。一旦聲學或影像/磁異異常指向可疑區域,就要能在數分鐘內以小艇、USV或岸基拋投手段把威脅逼出水面或直接摧毀。
資安與資訊反制:港區監視、門禁與控制系統同樣是戰場,烏克蘭的攻擊釋放出的影片疑似是口區的監視器所拍攝,因此港口的OT(Operational Technology)系統、監視器、門禁、甚至浮柵開關控制,都是無人戰時代的關鍵節點。如果港區C2與監控被滲透,防禦方等於在玻璃屋裡佈陣,反而會被對手選弱點突破。
總結一句:反UUV的本質,是把港灣從過往靜態停泊場重新設計成「可控制的防禦空間」,其必須重新花大量成本,但比起承受高價值艦艇在港內被打的戰略後果及心力效應,對比下往往仍划算。

國造潛艦戰力遙遙無期,無人水下載具補缺口
潛艦具有的戰略價值不只在發射魚雷攻擊敵人,而是在隱蔽、持續存在、對對手形成不確定性,以及在戰略層級牽制對方的效益,被發現的潛艦基本如同待宰的羔羊般,這也是為何至今各國都仍爭相建造潛艦的原因,但若國造潛艦戰力無法如期成形(不論是數量、妥善率、武器整合或訓練節奏的任何因素),台灣在外圍海域拒止的隱蔽打擊與情報蒐集能力不足,同時也會對封鎖/登陸集結區的持續性威懾能力降低。
USV或UUV它不是萬能,無法等價取代多功能的潛艦,但可以用更低成本在特定任務上補上關鍵一段,尤其是近岸拒止、港外伏擊、與海上交通線防禦。這三條路線恰好是台灣的需求,藉由用消耗型裝備迫使對手投入大量反制資源,才是不對稱作戰的真諦,台灣目前在無人載具的應用毫無想法及規劃,主要仍當成另一種形式的普通攻擊載具來看,大大限制了可以發揮的空間。
舉例來說,水下自殺型打擊UUV加上岸基目獲體系,就能構成近岸伏擊網。概念很直接:不追求遠洋獵殺,而把重點放在台灣周邊的「必經航道、可能的集結/待機海域、與兩棲船團的接近路線」。UUV可以是小型、低成本、短程但可大量部署,用於攻擊登陸船團前導的護航艦或運輸船。中型、較長航程的無人載具,則可用於港外或航道伏擊,配合岸基雷達、無人機、與水面無人艇提供目標指示來精準導引。這裡的關鍵不是「單枚UUV能打沉什麼」,而是把對手的反潛/掃蕩成本推到不可忽視,每一次接近都可能遇到看不見的水下威脅,迫使其放慢航速、拉大隊形、增加護航與掃蕩頻率,進而影響時間表,推遲兩棲作戰的可能。
另外一種拒止方式是傳統老工具水雷,目前台灣的萬象水雷都屬於上一世代武器,無法分辨敵我且有後續清理問題,若將UUV改成低成本智慧水雷或攜帶,可以讓佈雷更像「動態封鎖」,平時用感測器建立水下態勢,危機時快速布放或將自身當成自殺是魚雷;必要時也可回收或遠端解除,縮短戰後復原時間。這類思路能把海上拒止從一次性破壞,轉成可管理的作戰工具,政治與經濟成本都更可控。
結論
烏克蘭的「Sub Sea Baby」行動之所以重要,不在於它宣告潛艦過時,而在於它用一個更便宜、更可擴張的方式,刺穿了港灣與近岸作戰的心理安全感,同時也逼迫各國承認,未來海上作戰的競爭,不只在艦艇噸位與飛彈射程,更在「誰能把無人系統做成體系、誰能把反無人防禦做到層層相扣」,過往的大艦思維在島國防禦上已不再重要。
對台灣而言,若國造潛艦戰力無法如期成形,UUV(搭配USV、岸基打擊、情監偵與布雷/反布雷)提供的是一條在中間窗口時間「以量取勝」的拒止路徑:它不一定能在單次交戰中複製潛艦的戰果,但能以低成本的付出,在整體作戰節奏上,讓對手付出更大的時間、護航與掃蕩成本,並在灰色地帶與戰時之間,提供不同的手段工具,甚至發展出比潛艦更適合台灣防禦的模式。
On December 15, 2025, Ukraine’s Security Service (SBU) claimed that its “Sub Sea Baby” unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) struck a Russian Kilo/Improved Kilo–class (Project 636.3) diesel-electric submarine inside the port of Novorossiysk, a key Black Sea base. Although Russia denied damage, Reuters reported that the target was a Kalibr-capable submarine, and Ukraine described the strike as the first combat instance in which a UUV effectively attacked a submarine.
After three years of war, Ukraine has steadily expanded its unmanned maritime operations—from UAVs and anti-ship missiles, to unmanned surface vessels (USVs), and now into the undersea domain. Unlike previous surface attacks, this operation reportedly involved submerged penetration into a defended harbor followed by a close-range detonation. The significance lies in exploiting a long-standing weakness: Russian harbor defenses have focused heavily on aerial and surface threats, while lacking dense detection and interception against small, low-signature underwater targets operating near the seabed.
The true tactical impact is not the possible loss of a single submarine, but the strategic pressure it places on Russia to withdraw high-value assets from ports or invest heavily in layered harbor defenses. This degrades sortie rates, maintenance efficiency, and operational tempo. For the Black Sea Fleet, ports are no longer safe havens, and continued attrition risks effectively sidelining vessels without open-sea engagements.
Ukraine’s use of UUVs is not a sudden innovation but an extension of accumulated experience in unmanned, low-cost, asymmetric warfare. By using expendable systems to target the most vulnerable points of high-value platforms—and amplifying psychological effects through information warfare—UUVs have moved from experimental tools to viable operational assets, especially in harbors, nearshore waters, and narrow sea lanes.
The Next Phase of UUV Employment
UUVs are best understood as mobile underwater sensors, carriers, or warheads. Their future roles extend beyond explosive attacks and are likely to include four mission areas:
- Persistent Harbor Denial and Harassment
Semi-autonomous UUVs loitering near approaches and anchorages can transform blockade from a one-time action into sustained, deniable pressure, forcing adversaries to avoid berthing or repairs. - Undersea ISR and Target Cueing
Equipped with passive acoustics, sonar, or magnetic sensors, UUVs can collect long-term acoustic signatures and movement patterns. Networked with shore-based C2, USVs, and ASW aircraft, they lower the cost threshold for detecting high-value targets. - Offense and Defense of Subsea Infrastructure
As undersea cables and pipelines become targets in gray-zone conflict, UUVs will play dual roles in sabotage, inspection, monitoring, and emergency repair—expanding maritime defense from the surface to the seabed. - Manned–Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T)
Future maritime combat will increasingly involve coordinated air, surface, and subsurface unmanned systems. USVs and UAVs draw attention and saturate defenses, while UUVs exploit gaps to strike vulnerable underwater sections of ships.
Countering the UUV Threat
Effective counter-UUV defense requires a layered system of detection, classification, interception, and neutralization. Harbor environments are acoustically complex, making reliance on any single sensor insufficient. Key elements include:
- Outer-layer early warning using passive acoustic arrays, seabed sensors, deployable buoys, and unmanned patrol craft to extend reaction time.
- Controlled harbor entrances shaped by multiple physical barriers and patrol sonar, forcing hostile UUVs into predictable corridors.
- Close-range interdiction with small depth charges, acoustic decoys, and counter-UUV systems, rather than traditional heavy ASW weapons.
- Cyber and information security, as port surveillance, access control, and OT systems are critical vulnerabilities in unmanned warfare.
The essence of counter-UUV defense is redesigning ports from static mooring areas into controllable defensive spaces—costly, but preferable to losing high-value assets at berth.
Taiwan’s Case: Filling the Submarine Gap with UUVs
Submarines provide strategic value through stealth, persistence, and uncertainty. If Taiwan’s indigenous submarine capability cannot mature on schedule, gaps will emerge in covert sea denial, ISR, and sustained deterrence against blockade or amphibious assembly areas.
UUVs cannot replace submarines, but they can compensate in specific missions at far lower cost—particularly nearshore denial, port-area ambushes, and protection of sea lines. By deploying expendable UUVs in mass, Taiwan could force an adversary to incur disproportionate ASW and clearance costs, slowing operations and disrupting timelines.
For example, suicide-attack UUVs integrated with shore-based targeting could form nearshore ambush networks focused on key transit routes and amphibious approach lanes. Larger UUVs could operate outside ports or along sea lines, cued by UAVs, radars, and USVs. The objective is not single-platform lethality, but cumulative operational friction.
UUV-enabled smart mines offer another option, transforming traditional mine warfare into dynamic, controllable sea denial. Such systems could be deployed, recovered, or deactivated as needed, reducing post-conflict clearance burdens while maintaining deterrent value.
Conclusion
Ukraine’s “Sub Sea Baby” operation does not render submarines obsolete. Rather, it demonstrates how scalable, low-cost unmanned systems can undermine the perceived safety of ports and nearshore waters. Future maritime competition will depend less on ship size or missile range, and more on the ability to integrate unmanned systems into coherent architectures—and to counter them with layered defenses.
For Taiwan, UUVs combined with USVs, shore-based fires, ISR, and mine warfare offer a pragmatic interim path to sea denial. While they may not replicate submarine effects in single engagements, they can impose far greater operational costs on an adversary and may ultimately yield a defensive model better suited to Taiwan’s strategic realities.