【軍傳媒／軍事科技】現代戰場的勝負，愈來愈取決於資訊能否即時、可靠且安全地流動。隨著指揮系統逐步朝向以共同作戰圖像（Common Operational Picture, COP）為核心的數位化指揮體系，戰術通訊早已不再只是輔助工具，而是直接影響決策速度、部隊協同與整體作戰效能的關鍵戰力。
近年國軍在各項演訓中逐步導入戰場資訊系統，顯示指揮體系正朝向資訊化、即時化與資料導向決策發展。然而，實務運用也凸顯一項結構性挑戰：若缺乏具備韌性、寬頻與互通能力的戰術通訊網路作為底層支撐，戰場感知與指揮效能仍將受到限制，難以在高強度作戰環境中發揮應有效益。
長期以來，各軍種通訊系統各自獨立發展，架構封閉、互通性(interoperability)不足，導致跨軍種資訊整合效率受限。在平時環境尚可運作，但一旦進入高強度對抗、電子干擾或基礎設施受損情境，通訊可靠性與存活性便成為嚴峻考驗。
隨著多域作戰（Multi-Domain Operations, MDO）成為各國軍事發展的重要方向，戰場不再僅限於陸、海、空三個傳統領域，而是延伸至電子、網路甚至太空等多重維度。作戰單位更加分散，資訊來源更為多元，指揮官面臨的決策複雜度也大幅提升。此時，軍用通訊系統必須同時滿足高頻寬、低延遲、抗干擾、跨系統互通、高度機動性、安全保密性等需求，才能支撐分散部隊的協同作戰與即時指揮。
戰術寬頻通訊：戰術物聯網的必要基礎
現代戰場已逐漸轉變為由大量感測器、無人載具與作戰單位所構成的「戰術物聯網」環境。從前線部隊的位置、無人機編隊及影像回傳，到各類地面與空中感測數據，皆需仰賴穩定、可擴展且高可靠度保密性的寬頻通訊網路，方能即時整合為具備決策價值的戰場態勢。諾基亞(Nokia)憑藉長期深耕行動與固網通訊系統解決方案的專業，並將其拓展至超大規模雲端平台、企業專網和國防領域等關鍵基礎網路。所提供的軍事與國防領域解決方案，不僅限於戰術終端，更涵蓋「無線接取-邊緣運算-核心網-應用伺服器-骨幹傳輸」的完整戰術通訊架構體系。專為國防、邊境安全與緊急應變場景設計的諾基亞Banshee 採用模組化架構，基於3GPP技術，並具備整合行動自組網(MANET)整合能力、兼具高抗干擾與即時部署特性，能在戰場或災難現場維持高安全性與可靠度之通訊。
國防通訊技術發展趨勢顯示， 5G 技術在設計之初即納入關鍵任務通訊（mission-critical communications）的需求考量，支持海量連結、低延遲與可彈性配置的特性，讓戰術通訊不再受限於傳統點對點架構或窄頻通信，而能真正滿足現代作戰對資訊即時性與完整性的需求，進而支援指揮官做出更全面且精準的決策。
Nokia Banshee 4G/5G：戰術通訊實務範例
為應對部隊調動、駐紮、移防等多元作戰情境，以5G技術為基礎，專為戰術通訊設計的通訊系統，必須能更有效支援快速部署。無論是固定式部署於深山叢林、邊境海岸、開闊區域進行監控，基地內外安全、巡檢及後勤通訊; 抑或是高度機動部隊或是於爭議環境中的前進部隊，皆須具備符合均是特定規格的小尺寸、輕量化、低功耗（SWaP）特性。5G正逐漸成為推動軍事通訊數位轉型的重要工具，北約也將5G視為一項具潛力的關鍵技術。而諾基亞基於5G技術、專為國防特製開發的Banshee戰術通訊解決方案，具備獨立運作能力，能不依賴民用電信網路下運作。此設計確保前線部隊即使與後方完全斷鏈，仍能維持基本的態勢感知（SA）與指揮與管制 (C2)、及指揮、管制、通訊、電腦、情報、監視與偵察 (C4ISR) 能力。Banshee支援多域作戰所需的互通性、擴展能力、安全性、韌性及高效能，避免傳統集中式網路「單點失效」導致全軍失明的狀況。
Nokia 5G Banshee戰術通訊解決方案主要技術特點包括：
- 外形與便攜性： Banshee 採整合型設計，將無線網路、核心網路及應用伺服器整合為可供車輛攜帶的BMR (Banshee Mobile Radio)或背包式的BTR (Banshee Tactical Radio)型態。其設計旨在提供快速架設與便利運輸，可安裝於車輛上，亦可由人員背負攜帶。
- 系統能力: 此系統整合了EPC核心網路、無線網路以及ATAK伺服器，其中小型基地台，支援雙載波20+20MHz的頻寬配置。此外，內建的ATAK伺服器可預載MCPTT群組通話功能，並能依據任務需求，彈性增設戰場管理套件，提供全面的通訊與指揮支援。
- 容量：BTR最多可支援256名使用者，單一無線電覆蓋範圍半徑可達一公里，最高下載速率為300 Mbps、上傳速率100 Mbps，含電池約八公斤。BMR 可同時支援高達800名使用者，覆蓋半徑可達7公里, 重約12公斤。
- 網路能力: 專為軍事應用設計的專用無線網路，提供獨立且可靠的連接能力。其採用基於3GPP技術的模組化架構，並整合了行動自組網 (MANET) 能力。多個 Banshee 無線電單元可相互串聯，並能回傳至作戰基地。此外，它支援直接連接衛星終端機進行回傳，並具備高度的頻段靈活性。
- 戰術物聯網：透過 5G 功能強化現代戰場所需的海量連結，能運用各式感測器、無人載具及機器人，大幅提升部隊的態勢感知能力，即時監控隊員生理徵象，並透過聯網感測器偵測敵軍動態。Banshee已整合邊緣運算能力，即使在無法與上級單位或雲端服務連線的情況下，也能確保關鍵任務應用程式的持續運作。
Banshee預先整合了多種應用程式，可供立即使用。其中，TAK (Tactical Assault Kit) 是一款專為Android智慧型手機設計的多媒體通訊套件，可分享影片、圖片、文字、隊員位置等多元資訊。GODSEND™ 則是一款非侵入式生理監測系統，能夠監測心率、呼吸、脈搏血氧飽和度、體溫等生命徵象，同時也提供位置資訊；它可透過藍牙技術，將穿戴者的生命體徵數據視覺化呈現於ATAK應用程式中，進一步提升態勢感知能力。
- 安全與彈性： 作為專用網路，Banshee 本質上更為安全，透過 5G 技術增加安全性，並支援業界標準的 AES256 加密。它具備高度操作安全性，即使在嚴峻的電磁干擾環境下，也能確保通訊安全。此外，Banshee 整合軍用網狀無線電 MANET，並支援雙載波接入，確保與現有軍事部署的高度相容性。
- 部署與應用場景： Banshee 為現代戰場通訊提供革命性的行動寬頻邊緣網路，為作戰人員提供靈活的通訊解決方案，以滿足戰術需求。它實現了即時協調、快速數據共享和提升戰場態勢感知能力，支援關鍵任務應用，並整合物聯網設備、感測器、無人機、自主平台和 AR/VR 工具等先進技術。收集到的資訊可在本地分析，或透過各種回傳選項（MANET、微波、衛星）傳送至遠端指揮控制中心，進行基於 AI 的處理。
通訊不再是輔助配備，而是核心戰力本身，戰術通訊現代化已刻不容緩。
在全球安全情勢日益複雜、大國競爭加劇的背景下，衝突的數位層面已與實體軍事行動同等關鍵。多域作戰（MDO）橫跨陸海空、網路與太空，對通訊網路的安全與可擴展性提出嚴峻挑戰。諾基亞憑藉其在5G技術獨特優勢，正成為國防現代化不可或缺的基石。
從先進5G到6G的演進，將進一步深化與衛星、無人機等海量物聯網終端整合，透過原生AI優化網路，並提供更具彈性與抗干擾能力的通訊。借鑒全球商業創新週期，國防通訊系統得以持續精進，實現現代化而無需承擔高昂的客製化研發成本。北約STANAG 5665的採納，不僅確立了國防5G在盟友間的互通標準，更為長期創新與信任奠定基礎。今年CWIX 2025聯合戰士互通性演習測試的成功，再次印證了通訊作為盟軍協同作戰神經中樞的關鍵作用。
面對未來高強度衝突中常態化的電子干擾與GPS定位訊號封鎖，通訊系統若缺乏頻段彈性、功率可控及替代定位能力，將淪為敵方壓制的脆弱目標。通訊能力的成熟度，已直接決定多域作戰下的指揮效率、部隊存活性與整體作戰節奏。傳統封閉、缺乏擴展性的通訊架構，已無法滿足現代作戰對即時資料與跨域協同的迫切需求。
因此，從建軍規劃、作戰需求到採購政策，國防通訊現代化必須及早布局，優先建構具備可擴展性、高度韌性、優異互通性、符合標準化且安全保密的戰術通訊系統。
Victory on the modern battlefield is increasingly determined by whether information can flow in a timely, reliable, and secure manner. As command systems steadily evolve toward digital command-and-control architectures centered on the Common Operational Picture (COP), tactical communications are no longer merely supporting tools. They have become a core combat capability that directly affects decision-making speed, unit coordination, and overall operational effectiveness.
In recent years, the armed forces have progressively introduced battlefield information systems into training and exercise programs, reflecting a broader shift toward information-centric command, real-time operations, and data-driven decision-making. Operational experience, however, has also revealed a structural challenge: without a resilient, broadband, and interoperable tactical communications network as the foundational layer, battlefield awareness and command effectiveness remain constrained, limiting performance in high-intensity combat environments.
For decades, communication systems across different service branches have developed independently, resulting in closed architectures and insufficient interoperability. While such systems may function adequately under peacetime conditions, their limitations become critical during high-intensity conflict, electronic warfare, or infrastructure degradation, where communication reliability and survivability are severely tested.
As Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) become a central focus of military development worldwide, the battlefield is no longer confined to the traditional land, sea, and air domains. It now extends into the electromagnetic spectrum, cyberspace, and even outer space. Combat units are increasingly dispersed, information sources more diverse, and the complexity of command decisions significantly greater. Under these conditions, military communication systems must simultaneously provide high bandwidth, low latency, resistance to interference, cross-system interoperability, high mobility, and robust security in order to support distributed operations and real-time command and control.
Tactical Broadband Communications: The Essential Foundation of the Tactical Internet of Things
The modern battlefield is gradually transforming into a “tactical Internet of Things” environment composed of large numbers of sensors, unmanned platforms, and combat units. From frontline troop locations and UAV formations with real-time video feeds to a wide range of ground and airborne sensor data, all information depends on stable, scalable, and highly secure broadband communications networks. Only through such networks can data be rapidly integrated into an operational picture with real decision-making value.
Leveraging decades of expertise in mobile and fixed network solutions, Nokia has expanded its capabilities into hyperscale cloud platforms, enterprise private networks, and critical defense infrastructure. Its military and defense solutions extend well beyond tactical endpoints, encompassing a complete end-to-end tactical communications architecture that spans wireless access, edge computing, core networks, application servers, and backbone transport.
Designed specifically for defense, border security, and emergency response scenarios, the Nokia Banshee adopts a modular architecture based on 3GPP standards. It integrates Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) capabilities while offering strong resistance to electronic interference and rapid deployment characteristics, enabling highly secure and reliable communications in both battlefield and disaster-response environments.
Trends in defense communications technology indicate that 5G was designed from the outset to support mission-critical communications. With native support for massive connectivity, low latency, and flexible configuration, 5G frees tactical communications from the constraints of traditional point-to-point architectures and narrowband systems. This enables modern forces to meet demanding requirements for real-time information availability and data completeness, supporting more comprehensive and precise command decisions.
Nokia Banshee 4G/5G: A Practical Example of Tactical Communications
To support diverse operational scenarios such as force maneuver, deployment, and repositioning, tactical communication systems based on 5G technology must enable rapid and flexible deployment. Whether fixed installations in remote mountainous terrain, border coastlines, or open areas for surveillance, base security, patrols, and logistics communications, or deployments with highly mobile units operating in contested environments, such systems must meet strict military size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements.
5G is increasingly recognized as a key enabler of military digital transformation, and NATO has identified it as a technology with significant operational potential. Nokia’s Banshee tactical communications solution, purpose-built for defense applications and based on 5G technology, operates independently without reliance on civilian telecommunications infrastructure. This design ensures that frontline units can maintain essential situational awareness (SA), command and control (C2), and C4ISR capabilities even when completely disconnected from rear-echelon networks.
Banshee provides the interoperability, scalability, security, resilience, and performance required for multi-domain operations, while avoiding the risk of “single points of failure” inherent in traditional centralized network architectures.
The Nokia 5G Banshee tactical communications solution offers several key technical characteristics. In terms of form factor and portability, Banshee features an integrated design that combines the radio access network, core network, and application servers into either a vehicle-mounted Banshee Mobile Radio (BMR) or a backpack-portable Banshee Tactical Radio (BTR). This design supports rapid setup, ease of transport, and both vehicle-based and man-portable deployment.
From a system capability perspective, Banshee integrates an EPC core network, radio access network, and an ATAK server. The compact base station supports dual-carrier bandwidth configurations of 20+20 MHz. The built-in ATAK server can be preloaded with MCPTT group communications and expanded with battlefield management applications as mission requirements evolve, providing comprehensive communications and command support.
Regarding capacity, the BTR supports up to 256 users with a coverage radius of approximately one kilometer, offering peak downlink speeds of 300 Mbps and uplink speeds of 100 Mbps, with a total weight of approximately eight kilograms including the battery. The BMR supports up to 800 users, extends coverage to a radius of up to seven kilometers, and weighs approximately twelve kilograms.
In terms of networking capabilities, Banshee provides a dedicated wireless network designed specifically for military use, offering independent and reliable connectivity. Its modular, 3GPP-based architecture integrates MANET functionality, allowing multiple Banshee radio units to interconnect and relay data back to operational headquarters. The system also supports direct satellite terminal backhaul and offers high flexibility across frequency bands.
As a tactical Internet of Things enabler, Banshee leverages 5G’s massive connectivity to integrate sensors, unmanned platforms, and robotic systems, significantly enhancing situational awareness. It supports real-time monitoring of soldier physiological indicators and detection of adversary activity through networked sensors. Integrated edge computing ensures mission-critical applications remain operational even when connectivity to higher headquarters or cloud services is unavailable.
Banshee comes pre-integrated with multiple ready-to-use applications. The Tactical Assault Kit (TAK) is a multimedia communication suite designed for Android smartphones, enabling the sharing of video, images, text, and unit locations. GODSEND™ is a non-invasive physiological monitoring system capable of tracking heart rate, respiration, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature, and location data. Through Bluetooth connectivity, GODSEND™ visualizes biometric data within ATAK, further enhancing situational awareness.
As a dedicated private network, Banshee offers inherent security advantages. 5G technology enhances security while supporting industry-standard AES-256 encryption. The system maintains high operational security even under severe electromagnetic interference. Integration with military-grade MANET radios and support for dual-carrier access ensure high compatibility with existing force deployments.
In deployment and operational scenarios, Banshee delivers a mobile broadband edge network for modern battlefield communications, providing flexible solutions tailored to tactical requirements. It enables real-time coordination, rapid data sharing, and enhanced situational awareness while supporting mission-critical applications. The system integrates IoT devices, sensors, UAVs, autonomous platforms, and AR/VR tools. Collected data can be processed locally or transmitted via MANET, microwave, or satellite backhaul to remote command-and-control centers for AI-enabled analysis.
Conclusion: Communications as a Core Combat Capability
Communications are no longer a supporting asset but a core element of combat power, making the modernization of tactical communications an urgent priority.
Amid growing global security complexity and intensifying great-power competition, the digital dimension of conflict has become as decisive as physical military action. Multi-domain operations spanning land, sea, air, cyber, and space place unprecedented demands on the security and scalability of communication networks. Leveraging its strengths in 5G technology, Nokia is emerging as an indispensable cornerstone of defense modernization.
The evolution from advanced 5G toward 6G will further deepen integration with satellites, UAVs, and massive IoT ecosystems. Native AI will optimize networks and deliver greater flexibility and resilience against interference. By drawing on global commercial innovation cycles, defense communication systems can continue to evolve without incurring prohibitive customization costs. The adoption of NATO STANAG 5665 not only establishes interoperability standards for defense 5G among allied forces but also lays the foundation for long-term innovation and trust. The successful testing during the CWIX 2025 Coalition Warrior Interoperability Exercise once again underscored the role of communications as the neural backbone of allied operations.
In future high-intensity conflicts characterized by persistent electronic warfare and GPS denial, communication systems lacking frequency agility, controllable power output, and alternative positioning capabilities will become vulnerable targets. The maturity of communication capabilities now directly determines command efficiency, force survivability, and operational tempo in multi-domain operations. Traditional closed and non-scalable communication architectures can no longer meet the urgent demands for real-time data exchange and cross-domain coordination.
Accordingly, from force development planning and operational requirements to acquisition policy, defense communication modernization must be addressed proactively. Priority should be given to building tactical communication systems that are scalable, highly resilient, interoperable, standards-compliant, and secure.